National STD CurriculumLogo
  • Quick
    Reference

    Quick Reference

    Rapidly access information

    1. Chlamydial Infections

      Chlamydial Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for Chlamydial Infection
      7. Treatment of Adolescents and Adults
      8. Management of Sex Partners
      9. Treatment of Neonates and Children
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    2. Gonococcal Infections

      Gonococcal Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      4. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnosis
      7. Screening for Gonococcal Infection
      8. Treatment
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    3. Syphilis

      Syphilis

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
      6. Screening for Syphilis
      7. Treatment
      8. Post-Treatment Follow Up
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    4. Genital Herpes

      Genital Herpes

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for HSV-2 Infection
      7. Treatment
      8. Genital HSV in Pregnancy and Neonatal Herpes
      9. Prevention
      10. Patient Counseling and Education
      11. Summary Points
    5. Human Papillomavirus Infection

      Human Papillomavirus Infection

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis and Screening Tests
      6. Screening Recommendations for HPV-Related Cancers
      7. Treatment of Anogenital Warts
      8. Prevention of HPV Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Microbiology and Pathogenesis
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Management of Sex Partners
      8. Counseling and Education
      9. Summary Points
    7. Vaginitis

      Vaginitis

      1. Introduction
      2. Diagnostic Approach for Vaginitis
      3. Bacterial Vaginosis
      4. Trichomoniasis
      5. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
      6. Summary Points
    8. Mpox

      Mpox

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Virology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Infection Control in Health Care Settings
      8. Prevention of Mpox Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    9. Mycoplasma genitalium

      Mycoplasma genitalium

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Mycoplasma genitalium
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests and Resistance Assays
      7. Diagnostic Testing and Screening Guidelines
      8. Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
  • Self
    Study

    Self Study   Free CNE/CME

    Track your progress and receive CE credit

    1. Chlamydial Infections

      Chlamydial Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for Chlamydial Infection
      7. Treatment of Adolescents and Adults
      8. Management of Sex Partners
      9. Treatment of Neonates and Children
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    2. Gonococcal Infections

      Gonococcal Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      4. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnosis
      7. Screening for Gonococcal Infection
      8. Treatment
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    3. Syphilis

      Syphilis

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
      6. Screening for Syphilis
      7. Treatment
      8. Post-Treatment Follow Up
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    4. Genital Herpes

      Genital Herpes

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for HSV-2 Infection
      7. Treatment
      8. Genital HSV in Pregnancy and Neonatal Herpes
      9. Prevention
      10. Patient Counseling and Education
      11. Summary Points
    5. Human Papillomavirus Infection

      Human Papillomavirus Infection

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis and Screening Tests
      6. Screening Recommendations for HPV-Related Cancers
      7. Treatment of Anogenital Warts
      8. Prevention of HPV Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Microbiology and Pathogenesis
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Management of Sex Partners
      8. Counseling and Education
      9. Summary Points
    7. Vaginitis

      Vaginitis

      1. Introduction
      2. Diagnostic Approach for Vaginitis
      3. Bacterial Vaginosis
      4. Trichomoniasis
      5. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
      6. Summary Points
    8. Mpox

      Mpox

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Virology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Infection Control in Health Care Settings
      8. Prevention of Mpox Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    9. Mycoplasma genitalium

      Mycoplasma genitalium

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Mycoplasma genitalium
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests and Resistance Assays
      7. Diagnostic Testing and Screening Guidelines
      8. Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
  • Question
    Bank
  • STD
    Podcast
  • Mpox
    Guide
  • Clinical
    Consultation
  • Master
    Bibliography
  • Search
  1. Quick Reference
  2. Trichomoniasis
Section Navigation
Section Navigation
  • Module 1 Overview
    STD Question Bank
  • 0%Lesson 1
    Anogenital Warts
    Activities
    1. 0%Lesson 2
      Bacterial Vaginosis
      Activities
      1. 0%Lesson 3
        Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal
        Activities
        1. 0%Lesson 4
          Cervicitis
          Activities
          1. 0%Lesson 5
            Chancroid
            Activities
            1. 5A.Core Concepts
          2. 0%Lesson 6
            Chlamydial Infections
            Activities
            1. 0%Lesson 7
              Epididymitis
              Activities
              1. 0%Lesson 8
                Gonococcal Infections
                Activities
                1. 0%Lesson 9
                  Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
                  Activities
                  1. 0%Lesson 10
                    Hepatitis A
                    Activities
                    1. 0%Lesson 11
                      Hepatitis B
                      Activities
                      1. 0%Lesson 12
                        Hepatitis C
                        Activities
                        1. 0%Lesson 13
                          Genital Herpes
                          Activities
                          1. 0%Lesson 14
                            HIV Infection
                            Activities
                            1. 0%Lesson 15
                              HPV Infection: Prevention
                              Activities
                              1. 0%Lesson 16
                                HPV-Associated Cancers and Precancers
                                Activities
                                1. 0%Lesson 17
                                  Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
                                  Activities
                                  1. 0%Lesson 18
                                    Mpox
                                    Activities
                                    1. 0%Lesson 19
                                      Mycoplasma genitalium
                                      Activities
                                      1. 0%Lesson 20
                                        Pediculosis Pubis
                                        Activities
                                        1. 0%Lesson 21
                                          Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
                                          Activities
                                          1. 0%Lesson 22
                                            Penicillin Allergy
                                            Activities
                                            1. 0%Lesson 23
                                              Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis
                                              Activities
                                              1. 0%Lesson 24
                                                Scabies
                                                Activities
                                                1. 0%Lesson 25
                                                  Sexual Assault and Abuse and STIs
                                                  Activities
                                                  1. 0%Lesson 26
                                                    Syphilis
                                                    Activities
                                                    1. 0%Lesson 28
                                                      Trichomoniasis
                                                      Activities
                                                      1. 0%Lesson 29
                                                        Urethritis
                                                        Activities
                                                        • Progress Tracker

                                                        Lesson 28. Trichomoniasis

                                                        PDF Share
                                                        Get CE or a Certificate of Completion for this lesson by completing the self-study version
                                                         Free CNE/CME
                                                        Get Credit »
                                                        Table of Contents
                                                        • Trichomoniasis
                                                        • References
                                                          PDF Share

                                                        References

                                                        • Adamski A, Clark RA, Mena L, et al. The influence of ART on the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:883-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Aggarwal A, Shier RM. Recalcitrant Trichomonas vaginalis infections successfully treated with vaginal acidification. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30:55-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Alcaide ML, Feaster DJ, Duan R, et al. The incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in women attending nine sexually transmitted diseases clinics in the USA. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:58-62.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Andrea SB, Chapin KC. Comparison of Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification assay and BD affirm VPIII for detection of T. vaginalis in symptomatic women: performance parameters and epidemiological implications. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:866-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Bachmann LH, Hobbs MM, Seña AC, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis genital infections: progress and challenges. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53 Suppl 3:S160-72.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Badman SG, Causer LM, Guy R, et al. A preliminary evaluation of a new GeneXpert (Gx) molecular point-of-care test for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:350-2.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Balkus JE, Richardson BA, Mochache V, et al. A prospective cohort study comparing the effect of single-dose 2 g metronidazole on Trichomonas vaginalis infection in HIV-seropositive versus HIV-seronegative women. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:499-505.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Bosserman EA, Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Secor WE, Workowski KA. Utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Trichomonas vaginalis-infected women with clinical treatment failure. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:983-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Brown HL, Fuller DD, Jasper LT, Davis TE, Wright JD. Clinical evaluation of affirm VPIII in the detection and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Candida species in vaginitis/vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2004;12:17-21.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Brown HL, Fuller DD, Jasper LT, Davis TE, Wright JD. Clinical evaluation of affirm VPIII in the detection and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Candida species in vaginitis/vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2004;12:17-21.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Campbell L, Woods V, Lloyd T, Elsayed S, Church DL. Evaluation of the OSOM Trichomonas rapid test versus wet preparation examination for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:3467-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Carter JE, Whithaus KC. Neonatal respiratory tract involvement by Trichomonas vaginalis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:17-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2015. Other sexually transmitted diseases. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.
                                                          [CDC] -
                                                        • Cherpes TL, Wiesenfeld HC, Melan MA, et al. The associations between pelvic inflammatory disease, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33:747-52.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Cotch MF, Pastorek JG 2nd, Nugent RP, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:353-60.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Crowell AL, Sanders-Lewis KA, Secor WE. In vitro metronidazole and tinidazole activities against metronidazole-resistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:1407-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Davis A, Dasgupta A, Goddard-Eckrich D, El-Bassel N. Trichomonas vaginalis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection Among Women Under Community Supervision: A Call for Expanded T. vaginalis Screening. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:617-22.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Dize L, Barnes P Jr, Barnes M, et al. Performance of self-collected penile-meatal swabs compared to clinician-collected urethral swabs for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium by nucleic acid amplification assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;86:131-5.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Fastring DR, Amedee A, Gatski M, et al. Co-occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis and vaginal shedding of HIV-1 RNA. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41:173-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 1980;141:137-143.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Francis SC, Kent CK, Klausner JD, et al. Prevalence of rectal Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients at the San Francisco STD clinic, 2005-2006. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:797-800.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:165-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Gatski M, Kissinger P. Observation of probable persistent, undetected Trichomonas vaginalis infection among HIV-positive women. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:114-5.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Gatski M, Martin DH, Clark RA, Harville E, Schmidt N, Kissinger P. Co-occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis among HIV-positive women. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:163-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Ginocchio CC, Chapin K, Smith JS, et al. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2601-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Metcalf CA, et al. Risk factors for prevalent and incident Trichomonas vaginalis among women attending three sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:484-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Secor WE, Workowski KA. Management of Trichomonas vaginalis in women with suspected metronidazole hypersensitivity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:370.e1-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Herbst de Cortina S, Bristow CC, Joseph Davey D, Klausner JD. A Systematic Review of Point of Care Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016;2016:4386127.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Hollman D, Coupey SM, Fox AS, Herold BC. Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in high-risk adolescent females with a new transcription-mediated nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT): associations with ethnicity, symptoms, and prior and current STIs. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2010;23:312-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Hoots BE, Peterman TA, Torrone EA, Weinstock H, Meites E, Bolan GA. A Trich-y question: should Trichomonas vaginalis infection be reportable? Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:113-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Howe K, Kissinger PJ. Single-dose compared with multidose metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women: a meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:29-34.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Huppert JS, Mortensen JE, Reed JL, et al. Rapid antigen testing compares favorably with transcription-mediated amplification assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in young women. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:194-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kelley CF, Rosenberg ES, OʼHara BM, Sanchez T, del Rio C, Sullivan PS. Prevalence of urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in black and white men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39:739.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kigozi GG, Brahmbhatt H, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1398-400.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kingston MA, Bansal D, Carlin EM. 'Shelf life' of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14:28-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kirkcaldy RD, Augostini P, Asbel LE, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis antimicrobial drug resistance in 6 US cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:939-43.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kissinger P, Adamski A, Clark RA, Mena L, Levison J, Martin DH. Does antiretroviral therapy interfere with the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV+ women? Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:506-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kissinger P, Amedee A, Clark RA, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis treatment reduces vaginal HIV-1 shedding. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:11-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kissinger P, Mena L, Levison J, et al. A randomized treatment trial: single versus 7-day dose of metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:565-71.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kissinger P. Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:307.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kissinger P. Epidemiology and treatment of trichomoniasis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2015;17:484.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:487-93.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Leitsch D. Recent Advances in the Trichomonas vaginalis Field. F1000Res. 2016 Feb 11;5:.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Lord E, Newnham T, Dorrell L, et al. Detecting asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis in females using the BD ProbeTec™ Trichomonas vaginalis Qx nucleic acid amplification test. Int J STD AIDS. 2016:8:357-61.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • McClelland RS, Sangare L, Hassan WM, et al. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:698-702.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Meites E, Gaydos CA, Hobbs MM, et al. A Review of evidence-based care of symptomatic Trichomoniasis and asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S837-48.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Meites E, Gaydos CA, Hobbs MM, et al. A review of evidence-based care of symptomatic Trichomoniasis and asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S837-48.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Meites E, Llata E, Braxton J, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis in selected U.S. sexually transmitted disease clinics: testing, screening, and prevalence. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:865-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Miller M, Liao Y, Gomez AM, Gaydos CA, D'Mellow D. Factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among African American women in New York city who use drugs. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:503-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Mohamed OA, Cohen CR, Kungu D, et al. Urine proves a poor specimen for culture of Trichomonas vaginalis in women. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77:78-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Moodley P, Wilkinson D, Connolly C, Moodley J, Sturm AW. Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:519-22.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Muzny C, Barnes A, Mena L. Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the setting of severe nitroimidazole allergy: successful treatment with boric acid. Sex Health. 2012;9:389-91.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Muzny CA, Blackburn RJ, Sinsky RJ, Austin EL, Schwebke JR. Added benefit of nucleic acid amplification testing for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis among men and women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:834-41.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Muzny CA, Rivers CA, Mena LA, Schwebke JR. Genotypic characterization of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates among women who have sex with women in sexual partnerships. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39:556-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Nijhawan AE, DeLong AK, Celentano DD, et al. The association between Trichomonas infection and incarceration in HIV-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:1094-100.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Nye MB, Schwebke JR, Body BA. Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:188.e1-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Peterman TA, Tian LH, Metcalf CA, Malotte CK, Paul SM, Douglas JM Jr. Persistent, undetected Trichomonas vaginalis infections? Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:259-60.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G. Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:300-17.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Roth AM, Williams JA, Ly R, et al. Changing sexually transmitted infection screening protocol will result in improved case finding for Trichomonas vaginalis among high-risk female populations. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:398-400.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:187-93.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schwebke JR, Barrientes FJ. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with resistance to metronidazole and tinidazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:4209-10.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schwebke JR, Hobbs MM, Taylor SN, et al. Molecular testing for Trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective U.S. clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4106-11.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Seña AC, Bachmann LH, Hobbs MM. Persistent and recurrent Trichomonas vaginalis infections: epidemiology, treatment and management considerations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12:673-85.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Seña AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:13-22.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Stoner KA, Rabe LK, Meyn LA, Hillier SL. Survival of Trichomonas vaginalis in wet preparation and on wet mount. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89:485-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sutcliffe S, Newman SB, Hardick A, Gaydos CA. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among female US federal prison inmates. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:585-90.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, McQuillan G, Berman S, Markowitz L. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001-2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1319-26.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Swartzendruber A, Sales JM, Brown JL, Diclemente RJ, Rose ES. Correlates of incident Trichomonas vaginalis infections among African American female adolescents. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41:240-5.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Tayal SC, Ochogwu SA, Bunce H. Paromomycin treatment of recalcitrant Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:217-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Trintis J, Epie N, Boss R, Riedel S. Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:606-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Van Der Pol B, Kraft CS, Williams JA. Use of an adaptation of a commercially available PCR assay aimed at diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea to detect Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:366-73.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Van Der Pol B, Kwok C, Pierre-Louis B, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in African women. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:548-54.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Fuller D, Taylor SN, Hook EW 3rd. Combined Testing for Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Trichomonas by Use of the BD Max CT/GC/TV Assay with Genitourinary Specimen Types. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:155-64.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Orr DP, Batteiger BE, Fortenberry JD. Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:2039-44.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Van Der Pol B. Clinical and Laboratory Testing for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:7-12.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -

                                                        Share by e-mail

                                                        Check
                                                        -On-
                                                        Learning
                                                        Questions
                                                        The Check-on-Learning Questions are short and topic related. They are meant to help you stay on track throughout each lesson and check your understanding of key concepts.

                                                        You must be signed in to customize your interaction with these questions.

                                                        Funded by

                                                        Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                                                        Cooperative Agreement (CDC-RFA-PS20-2004)

                                                        Created at University of Washington
                                                        Part of IDEA Platform
                                                        CME provided by University of Alabama Birmingham
                                                        CNE approved by Oregon Nurses Association
                                                        National STD CurriculumLogo

                                                        Self-Study Lessons

                                                        Quick Reference » Self Study »

                                                        About the Curriculum

                                                        About » Contributors »
                                                        Copyright © 2025 National STD Curriculum
                                                        • Contact Us |
                                                        • Terms and Conditions |
                                                        • Privacy Policy |
                                                        • CE (CNE/CME) Notices

                                                        Since you've received 80% or better on this quiz, you may claim continuing education credit.

                                                        You seem to have a popup blocker enabled. If you want to skip this dialog please Always allow popup windows for the online course.

                                                        Current Version: nstdc-monorepo-c71f36ab-2025-08-10-164008
                                                        Please provide a valid email address.
                                                        Please provide your password.
                                                        Forgot password?
                                                        Become a New User

                                                        Account Registration Benefits:

                                                        • Track your progress on the lessons
                                                        • Earn free CNE/CME/CE
                                                        • Earn Certificates of Completion
                                                        • Access to other free IDEA curricula

                                                        Create a free account to get started

                                                        Register