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    1. Chlamydial Infections

      Chlamydial Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for Chlamydial Infection
      7. Treatment of Adolescents and Adults
      8. Management of Sex Partners
      9. Treatment of Neonates and Children
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    2. Gonococcal Infections

      Gonococcal Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      4. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnosis
      7. Screening for Gonococcal Infection
      8. Treatment
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    3. Syphilis

      Syphilis

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
      6. Screening for Syphilis
      7. Treatment
      8. Post-Treatment Follow Up
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    4. Genital Herpes

      Genital Herpes

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for HSV-2 Infection
      7. Treatment
      8. Genital HSV in Pregnancy and Neonatal Herpes
      9. Prevention
      10. Patient Counseling and Education
      11. Summary Points
    5. Human Papillomavirus Infection

      Human Papillomavirus Infection

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis and Screening Tests
      6. Screening Recommendations for HPV-Related Cancers
      7. Treatment of Anogenital Warts
      8. Prevention of HPV Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Microbiology and Pathogenesis
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Management of Sex Partners
      8. Counseling and Education
      9. Summary Points
    7. Vaginitis

      Vaginitis

      1. Introduction
      2. Diagnostic Approach for Vaginitis
      3. Bacterial Vaginosis
      4. Trichomoniasis
      5. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
      6. Summary Points
    8. Mpox

      Mpox

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Virology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Infection Control in Health Care Settings
      8. Prevention of Mpox Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    9. Mycoplasma genitalium

      Mycoplasma genitalium

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Mycoplasma genitalium
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests and Resistance Assays
      7. Diagnostic Testing and Screening Guidelines
      8. Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
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    1. Chlamydial Infections

      Chlamydial Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for Chlamydial Infection
      7. Treatment of Adolescents and Adults
      8. Management of Sex Partners
      9. Treatment of Neonates and Children
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    2. Gonococcal Infections

      Gonococcal Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      4. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnosis
      7. Screening for Gonococcal Infection
      8. Treatment
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    3. Syphilis

      Syphilis

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
      6. Screening for Syphilis
      7. Treatment
      8. Post-Treatment Follow Up
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    4. Genital Herpes

      Genital Herpes

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for HSV-2 Infection
      7. Treatment
      8. Genital HSV in Pregnancy and Neonatal Herpes
      9. Prevention
      10. Patient Counseling and Education
      11. Summary Points
    5. Human Papillomavirus Infection

      Human Papillomavirus Infection

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis and Screening Tests
      6. Screening Recommendations for HPV-Related Cancers
      7. Treatment of Anogenital Warts
      8. Prevention of HPV Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Microbiology and Pathogenesis
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Management of Sex Partners
      8. Counseling and Education
      9. Summary Points
    7. Vaginitis

      Vaginitis

      1. Introduction
      2. Diagnostic Approach for Vaginitis
      3. Bacterial Vaginosis
      4. Trichomoniasis
      5. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
      6. Summary Points
    8. Mpox

      Mpox

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Virology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Infection Control in Health Care Settings
      8. Prevention of Mpox Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    9. Mycoplasma genitalium

      Mycoplasma genitalium

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Mycoplasma genitalium
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests and Resistance Assays
      7. Diagnostic Testing and Screening Guidelines
      8. Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
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  1. Quick Reference
  2. Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal
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  • Module 1 Overview
    STD Question Bank
  • 0%Lesson 1
    Anogenital Warts
    Activities
    1. 0%Lesson 2
      Bacterial Vaginosis
      Activities
      1. 0%Lesson 3
        Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal
        Activities
        1. 0%Lesson 4
          Cervicitis
          Activities
          1. 0%Lesson 5
            Chancroid
            Activities
            1. 5A.Core Concepts
          2. 0%Lesson 6
            Chlamydial Infections
            Activities
            1. 0%Lesson 7
              Epididymitis
              Activities
              1. 0%Lesson 8
                Gonococcal Infections
                Activities
                1. 0%Lesson 9
                  Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
                  Activities
                  1. 0%Lesson 10
                    Hepatitis A
                    Activities
                    1. 0%Lesson 11
                      Hepatitis B
                      Activities
                      1. 0%Lesson 12
                        Hepatitis C
                        Activities
                        1. 0%Lesson 13
                          Genital Herpes
                          Activities
                          1. 0%Lesson 14
                            HIV Infection
                            Activities
                            1. 0%Lesson 15
                              HPV Infection: Prevention
                              Activities
                              1. 0%Lesson 16
                                HPV-Associated Cancers and Precancers
                                Activities
                                1. 0%Lesson 17
                                  Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
                                  Activities
                                  1. 0%Lesson 18
                                    Mpox
                                    Activities
                                    1. 0%Lesson 19
                                      Mycoplasma genitalium
                                      Activities
                                      1. 0%Lesson 20
                                        Pediculosis Pubis
                                        Activities
                                        1. 0%Lesson 21
                                          Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
                                          Activities
                                          1. 0%Lesson 22
                                            Penicillin Allergy
                                            Activities
                                            1. 0%Lesson 23
                                              Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis
                                              Activities
                                              1. 0%Lesson 24
                                                Scabies
                                                Activities
                                                1. 0%Lesson 25
                                                  Sexual Assault and Abuse and STIs
                                                  Activities
                                                  1. 0%Lesson 26
                                                    Syphilis
                                                    Activities
                                                    1. 0%Lesson 28
                                                      Trichomoniasis
                                                      Activities
                                                      1. 0%Lesson 29
                                                        Urethritis
                                                        Activities
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                                                        Lesson 3. Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal

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                                                        Table of Contents
                                                        • Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal
                                                        • References
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                                                        References

                                                        • Anderson MR, Klink K, Cohrssen A. Evaluation of vaginal complaints. JAMA. 2004;291:1368-79.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Apalata T, Carr WH, Sturm WA, Longo-Mbenza B, Moodley P. Determinants of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:387070.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Duerr A, Heilig CM, Meikle SF, et al. Incident and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: Risk factors and severity. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:548-56.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:757-65.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Eckert LO. Clinical practice. Acute vulvovaginitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1244-52.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Gonçalves B, Ferreira C, Alves CT, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Silva S. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2016;42:905-27.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kennedy MA, Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by non-albicans Candida species: new insights. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010;12:465-70.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Lopez-Rangel E, Van Allen MI. Prenatal exposure to fluconazole: an identifiable dysmorphic phenotype. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005;73:919-23.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:830-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA. 2016;315:58-67.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Powell AM, Nyirjesy P. Recurrent vulvovaginitis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:967-76.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schuman P, Capps L, Peng G, et al. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:689-96.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Shahid Z, Sobel JD. Reduced fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: effects of long-term fluconazole therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;64:354-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sobel JD, Brooker D, Stein GE, et al. Single oral dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Fluconazole Vaginitis Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1263-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:203-11.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sobel JD, Wiesenfeld HC, Martens M, et al. Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:876-83.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sobel JD. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:15-21.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: a comparison of HIV-positive and -negative women. Int J STD AIDS. 2002;13:358-62.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet. 2007;369:1961-71.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fluconazole (Diflucan): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Evaluating Study Examining Use of Oral Fluconazole (Diflucan) in Pregnancy April 26, 2016.
                                                          [US Food and Drug Administration] -
                                                        • Watson MC, Grimshaw JM, Bond CM, Mollison J, Ludbrook A. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD002845.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Diseases characterized by vaginal discharge: Vulvovaginal candidiasis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
                                                          [2015 STD Treatment Guidelines] -
                                                        • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Management of persons who have a history of penicillin allergy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
                                                          [2015 STD Treatment Guidelines] -

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